The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and opinions of Poles about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The study was conducted using a questionnaire of our own design. In this study a total of 282 respondents participated, belonging to three age groups. All of them live in the south-eastern part of Poland. The analysis of research material showed that most of the respondents, despite their knowledge of the term GMO, have only little knowledge about the effects of genetically modified products on the human body. The respondents notice the benefits of the practical use of genetic modification in medicine and pharmacy, but due to the lack of knowledge about GMOs they are fearful of the impact of GM products on the functioning of the body and the environment. Most controversies concern the use of genetic engineering techniques in food production. Despite many advantages of the GM products, many respondents said they would never buy this kind of food. About half of the respondents of each group are aware of their lack of knowledge of GMOs. They also showed interest in acquiring knowledge of genetically modified organisms.