As many European cattle breeds are considered to be threatened with extinction, and existing genetic variability is increasingly at risk of being irretrievably lost, its assessment is crucial. The aim of the study was to assess the genetic variability of seven breeds of cattle in Central Europe on the basis of polymorphism at the loci of functional genes, encoding β-lactoglobulin (LGB), leptin (LEP), prolactin (PRL), oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and growth hormone receptor (GHR). The research was carried out on 290 individuals – 50 Polish White-backed (PW), 50 Lithuanian White-backed (LWB), 50 Polish Red (PR), 50 Lithuanian Red (LR), 22 Carpathian Brown (CB), 18 Ukrainian Grey (UG) and 50 Slovak Pinzgauer (PG). Gene polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP. The statistical indicators estimated, i.e. the frequency of alleles and genotypes, observed and expected heterozygosity (HO and HE), F-statistics, gene flow (Nm), and genetic distances, were used to characterize the genetic structure of these cattle breeds. The research demonstrated that the populations analysed have undergone a bottleneck process as a consequence of the rapid decline in the size of individual populations. Owing to the introduction of genetic resources conservation programmes, endangered populations can slowly be restored to a state of genetic balance.