Thioredoxins (Trxs) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) encompass a highly complexnetwork involved in sustaining thiol-based redox homeostasis in plant tissues. The purpose of thestudy was to gain a new insight into transcriptional reprogramming of the several genes involvedin functioning of Trx/TrxR system in maize (Zea maysL.) seedlings, exposed to the bird cherry-oataphid (Rhopalosiphum padiL.) or the rose-grass aphid (Metopolophium dirhodumWalk.) infestation.The biotests were performed on two maize genotypes (susceptible Złota Karłowa and relativelyresistant Waza). The application of real-time qRT-PCR technique allowed to identify a molecularmechanism triggered in more resistant maize plants, linked to upregulation of thioredoxins-encodinggenes (Trx-f,Trx-h,Trx-m,Trx-x) and thioredoxin reductase genes (Ftr1,Trxr2). Significant enhancementof TrxR activity in aphid-infested Waza seedlings was also demonstrated. Furthermore, we used anelectrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings ofM. dirhodumstylet activities in seedlings of the twostudied maize varieties. Duration of phloem phase (E1 and E2 models) of rose-grass aphids wasabout three times longer while feeding in Waza plants, compared to Złota Karłowa cv. The role ofactivation of Trx/TrxR system in maintaining redox balance and counteracting oxidative-induceddamages of macromolecules in aphid-stressed maize plants is discussed.