This study presents the impact of an ultrasonic treatment (UT) as an alternative to traditional, standard pasteurization (PT) on selected properties of ice cream. Additionally, an oleogel from strawberry seed oil was included in the ice cream recipe as a fat component in the shares of 5%, 6%, and 7%. To evaluate the ultrasound’s effect on the ice cream’s properties, an analysis of the ice cream’s chemical composition was conducted, including the total content of polyphenols and macro- and microelements, as well as of its physical properties. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for a more precise molecular-level analysis of the changes. The ice cream containing the oleogel from strawberry seed oil and subjected to ultrasonic treatment was characterized by a significantly higher dry matter (37.43%) and carbohydrate (56.82 g·(100 g)−1) contents and a significantly lower fat content (9.93 g·(100 g)−1) compared to the ice cream subjected to traditional pasteurization. In addition, the values of freezing point temperature and the amount of frozen water for these ice cream samples were significantly higher. Therefore, this study shows that ultrasonic treatment can be a beneficial alternative to traditional pasteurization in ice cream production.