Sustainable development of many rural areas in Poland requires actions in the field of comprehensive spatial planning, supported by agricultural management works, in particular by land consolidation and exchange. This process stimulates the development of functions performed by these areas, among others in the social, environmental or economic domains. Changes in the ownership and use structure make it possible to separate functional and spatial areas. Work on improving the agricultural production space cannot be undertaken in all villages at the same time due to, for example, economic, technical or social conditions. Therefore, work to change the flawed spatial structure of land should be carried out in the right order, starting in the villages where the need is greatest. The aim of this study is to assess the spatial structure in the villages of the municipality of Trawniki with regard to the necessity of taking measures to improve the rural spatial structure. The scope of this study covers the municipality of Trawniki, located in the Lubelskie voivodeship, Świdnik county. The municipality consists of 11 cadastral districts with a total area of 84.16 km2, which accounts for 17.95% of the entire county’s area. An analysis and assessment of the spatial structure of the land was carried out for all the precincts, which included: the structure of land ownership, land use and land fragmentation, accessibility of parcels to roads and an index defining the geometry of the registered parcels. In order to illustrate the problem of land fragmentation in detail, a land fragmentation index was calculated for each surveyed village. In addition, the productivity index for arable land and grassland was also determined. The analyses provided a basis for further research into determining the urgency of land consolidation and exchange work.